Human Endocrine Glands

Human Endocrine Glands

Gland	Hormone	Functions
Hypothalamus	Releasing and inhibiting hormones and factors Posterior pituitary hormones produced here	Control of another pituitary hormones
Posterior pituitary gland	Receives hormones from hypothalamus no hormones synthesised here stores and secretes the following: Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)	Ejection of milk from mammary gland, contraction of uterus during birth Reduction of urine secretion by kidney
Anterior pituitary gland	Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinising hormone (LH) Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH or corticotrophin) Growth hormone (GH)	In male, stimulate spermatogenesis In female, growth of ovarian follicles In male testosterone secretion In female secretion of oestrogen and progesterone, ovulation and maintenance of corpus luteum Stimulates milk production and secretion Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones growth of thyroid glands. Synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortex hormones growth of gland Protein synthesis, growth, especially of bone of limbs
Parathyroid gland	Parathormone	Increases blood calcium level Decreases blood phosphate level
Thyroid gland	Triiodothyronine (T3)and thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin	Regulation of basal metabolic rate, growth and development Decreases blood calcium level
Adrenal cortex	Glucocorticoids (cortisol) Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)	Protein breakdown, glucose/glycogen synthesis,adaptation to stress, anti-inflammatory/allergy effects Na+ retention in kidney, Na+ and K+ ratios in extracellular and intracellular fluids, raises blood pressure
Adrenal medulla	Adrenaline (epinephrine) Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)	Increase rate and force of heartbeat, constriction of skin and gut capillaries Dilation of arterioles of heart and skeletal muscles, raising blood glucose level General constriction of small arteries, raising of blood pressure
Islets of Langerhans	Insulin (beta cells) Glucagon (alpha cells)	Decreases blood glucose level, increases glucose and amino acid uptake and utilisation by cells Increases blood glucose level, breakdown of glucogen to glucose in liver
stomach Duodenum	Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin (Pancreozymin)	Secretion of gastric juices Secretion of pancreatic juice Inhibits gastric secretion Emptying of gall bladder and release of pancreatic juice in to duodenum
Kidney Ovary	Renin Oestrogens(17 Beta-oestradiol) Progesterone	Conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin Female secondary sex characteristics, oestrous cycle Gestation, inhibition of ovulation
Corpus luteum	Progesterone and oestrogen Progesterone ans oestrogen	Growth and development of uterus Foetal development
Placenta	Chorionic gonadotrophin Human placental lactogen	Maintenance of corpus luteum Stimulates mammary growth
Testis	Testosterone	Male secondary sexual characteristics